The Glands Menagerie Essay Example for Free

The Glands Menagerie EssayA ropeway Named Desire was written by Tennessee Williams in 1947, eliciting the most critical commentary of whatever of his works, as wellspring as being highly divisive upon its release, one reviewer defined it as the product of an well-nigh desperately morbid turn of mind1 George Jean Nathan criticised the unpleasant2 nature of the play, calling it The Glands Menagerie3.Williams focus on realism, and the subsequent disregard of clear-cut protagonists and antagonists in trolley, also drew glowing reviews, from the pre-eminent theatre critic Brook Atkinson, for example, who called Williams a truly poetic playwright whose knowledge of people is honest and thorough4. This discrimination in opinion does not comprise at subjective criticism of the play, exclusively even the specific genre which trolley car falls into. more assume it to be a disaster of somewhat type, and in that location is indeed much to commend this view. However, the double nature of many aspects of the play and Williams inclusion of alternate dramatic devices has led many to believe that Streetcar should not be classified as a disaster, but as a melodrama. In any tragedy, the tragic protagonist is of vital importance everything is centred on the protagonist, their flaw and subsequent downfall.However, in Streetcar, there is outsize distrust as to who this tragic protagonist actually is. This equivocacy may be observed in the difference in artistic opinion amid the plays original director, Elia Kazan, and the plays second director, Harold Clurman. Elia Kazan was a nearly friend of Tennessee Williams, who told him to ensure that Blanche (had) the understanding and compassion of the audience without creating a black-dyed villain in Stanley5.Indeed, from his directors private notebook, print in 1976, it is clear that Kazans sympathies lie with Stanley, who he sees as defending his household against the corrupting influence of Blanche for instance, St anleys manifestly crude violation of Blanches belongings in an attempt to find legal papers and his later corporeal violation of her person would have been justified in Kazans eyes, as the social incorrectness of Blanches intrusion into his home(prenominal) kingdom and subsequent undermining of his authority and values (Well if youll forgive me hes commonHe acts like an animal Stanley Kowalski survivor of the Stone Age , Dont hang back with the brutes ) outweighs the respective incorrectness of his retaliatory actions (Come to think of it maybe you wouldnt be bad to interfere with ). As such, Kazans direction dictated that Stanley be the victim of Blanches actions. It was even reported that some members of the audience cheered the rape of Blanche in Kazans production, with critic Signi Falk noting the waves of titillated laughter (which) swept over the audience 6.In direct opposition to Kazan, Clurman reallocated the role of victim to Blanche, positing that Streetcar portray s the crushing of sensitivity (Blanche) by brute potency (Stanley), therefore portraying the rape as such instead. These contradictory interpretations illustrate the crucial problem in labelling Streetcar as a tragedy, at least in a strictly peripatetic spirit there is no singular, defined hero or heroine, both can be interchangeably depicted as victim or antagonist. in that location is even discussion as to whether Stanley and Blanche represent either. Williams himself seems to support this I dont want to focus guilt or blame on any one character but to have it a tragedy of misunderstanding and insensitivity to others 7. This has only confirmed the ambiguous nature of the play, fuelling and perpetuating the uncertainty surrounding it and taking it even further away from the Aristotelian tragic ideal.Additionally, Aristotle dictated that tragedy should graph the demise of a great person, as he argued that their cataclysmic downfall due to hamartia would waken higher pathos in th e audience Williams focuses instead upon the demise of people in the dregs of society, ensuring that there is no way that Streetcar could possibly be considered to be a strictly classical tragedy. However, it is palliate potential to identify aspects of classical tragedy in Streetcar, which further heightens the vagueness surrounding the genre which Streetcar finds itself in.There is, for example, evidence of anagnorisis leading to peripateia, a tragic device which Aristotle considered to be the mark of a superior tragedy In Scene Three, after Stanley beats Stella and realises the error of his ways, he breaks into sobs and telephones Eunice, who has taken Stella in, in an attempt to guggle to (his) baby, to no avail. This is arguably Stanleys lowest point, as Stanley has alienated Stella, leading to one of the iconic moments in American drama Stanleys heaven-splitting cry of STELLL-AHHHHH an outburst of animal desperation.This moment, then (if Streetcar is considered to be a bat tle between Blanche and Stanley for Stellas affections), is a victory for Blanche. However, in Scene Ten, the roles are reversed Blanches telephone call for help is unsuccessful, and she is arguably at her lowest point of the play here, as Stanley shatters all her illusions and pretensions (Not once did you pull any wool over this boys eyes ), uncovering her multitude of lies, which makes Blanche face the reality of the threat Stanley poses to her (i. e. anagnorisis).So, while it is plain that Streetcar is by no means a classical tragedy, it does include facets of tragedy as defined by Aristotles Poetics. There is perhaps a more credible case for Streetcar being a tragedy in a slightly broader sense that is to say, encompassing the characteristics of modern domestic tragedy. Arthur Miller summed up the heart of domestic tragedy in his work Tragedy and the Common Man It is period, I think, that we who are without kings, took up this bright thread of our history (tragedy) and follo wed it to the only place it can possibly lead in our time the heart and spirit of the average man 8.The conclusion of Brook Atkinsons review of the opening night reflected this position Out of poetic imagination and ordinary compassion (Williams) has spun a poignant and luminous story9. Miller argued against the Aristotelian ideals concerning tragedy where Aristotle believed tragic heroes had to be of high social standing (for reasons above stated), Miller proposed that tragic heroes could be formed out of the working classes.Domestic tragedies of this nature became popular in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of writers such as Miller, portraying the breakdown of a social construct, emphasising the distortion and ending of domestic order. Streetcar could, then, be construed as a domestic tragedy, as it portrays the demise of the social constitution from the old agrarian South (as represented by Blanche) and the rise of the post-war urban industrial society (as represente d by Stanley).Furthermore, Streetcar concerns the fates of Blanche and Stanley in the main, Stanley being irrefutably lower class although Blanche is not as straightforward to reason according to class, at the beginning of the play, Blanches demise has already occurred she has already fallen from her previously high status, having at sea her estate and fortune. Therefore, although Streetcar charts her descent into insanity, it does not show her fall from a high position in society, again rejecting the Aristotelian norm.It therefore seems as though Streetcar could easily be defined as a domestic tragedy, a judgement Dan Isaac agrees with Streetcar is a modern tragedy, and Blanche DuBois tragic flaw is hubris superbia of intellect and pride of sexual prowess10 If one tragic hero can be singled out, then it is possible to find their personal hamartia, and Streetcar becomes a domestic tragedy with aspects of classical tragedy. However, one prominent blow of Streetcar has yet to be introduced into the debate, and that is the huge emphasis on melodrama and expressionism.