Concept Development: Florence Nightingale -Its Con

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Florence nightingale Influence on breast feeding Theory 1. AIM This assign manpowert pass alongs an abridged account of Florence nightingales life, her education, aspirations and c atomic number 18er. It too discusses the development of care for guess in general, and Florence nightingales influence in later obligate theorists work. Florence nightingales philosophy regarding the environment was fundamental to her concept of treat and health, which was demonstrated d ace her work on sanitary reform and hospital construction. 2. BACKGROUND Florence nightingale was born in 1820 to well-educated, affluent British parents.Her youthful upbringing brought her into aristocratic society, where she make life-long distinguished friends and acquaintances. These would prove pivotal in her work as the fo under of modern breast feeding. Schooled by her father in mathematics, languages, religion and philosophy (which were put to good affair in forming her theories), t he young nightingale began her treat training in Germany. After returning to England, she became Superintendent of the Hospital for disenable Gentlewomen 1. During the 1840s, sanitary reform in the residential district became a big governmental issue, which Florence Nightingale zealously embraced.She utilised plans for eliminating sanitation problems on the army wards during her metre in the Crimean War. Although medical care in the army was high than in the community, conditions were still app completelying with blocked latrines, overflowing cesspools and contaminated drinking water. The last mentioned playing an important part in epidemic outbreaks of cholera. 1,2. The soldiers named her as The doll of the Lamp when she carried her lantern by the corridors at night. In 1855, Florence Nightingale became very ill with Crimean pyrexia and was not expected to survive. This affection is believed by some to be contagious abortion melitensis. Her symptoms subsided and she ret urned to England, after which, she founded breast feeding schools at St. Thomas Hospital and at great powers College Hospital. Her achievements cave in included her many writings, much(prenominal) as Notes on Hospitals and Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. Florence Nightingale also compiled statistics and much evidence for the Royal Commission. Hospitals were set up solid ground-wide financed by the Nightingale Fund. Although bed-ridden for much of her later years, she worked prolifically into her eighties, gathering data and expounding her care for theories. In 1910, Florence Nightingale died at the age of 90 years. . growth of nurse Theories and Practices amongst 1858, when Florence Nightingale first wrote her ideas for the theory and practice of nursing, and the 1950s, there was little s stomach to the task orientated, authoritarian concept of nursing practice. The nursing theorists may hurt started to evolve in order to change this viewpoint. Notable protagonists include Henderson, Peplau, Abdellah and Orem. 4 In addition, reactions to the medical paradigm which was well established and developed, may have prompted the change of nursing, from one of traditional symptom orientation to a nursing paradigm in its own right. Figures 3. 1 & 3. 2 refer). pic treat theories have gone through several changes and ideas that were rejected in one stage of development have been accepted in another. in that location has been a shift from the early rejection of nursing theories, through the positivistic, quantitative research of the sixties to the recent revival of Florence Nightingales concept of nursing of health and environment. Nursing research has shifted towards the phenomenolegitimate viewpoint (the meaning of experience and perceived reality) illustrated in Figure 3. 3. pic Nursing theories prove that nursing is a profession, not further an occupation.Meleis describes these as being a remainsatic, coherent body of knowledge with boundaries. There are three examples of nursing theories, according to Alligood and Chong Choi. 1 The first is nursing philosophy, in which the meaning of nursing is realised through analysis, reasoning and logical argument. Exponents of this type of work were early theorists. Florence Nightingales work is a philosophical one. The second or grand theorist type gives a conceptual framework in which one can view the world and take into account its aspects. (J. Fawcett 1989)1 6 . Orem and Neuman are examples of this type.The third type are middle range theories, which are derivatives from other works such as grand theories, philosophy of nursing theories or perhaps from other, related to theories. 1 4. Florence Nightingales Influence on Nursing Development and Practice Florence Nightingale was the first nursing theorist. She believed her life in nursing to be a calling from God, her chief mission being to meliorate the environment in which people lived and in which people were care d for. Although an innovator, she was also a product of her time as sanitary reform in the community became a big issue with the educated classes.Her other philosophies influenced nursing theory and practice. These were * Nursing as a profession distinct from Medicine. meeting of statistical data for applied research The establishment of recognised system of nurse training Definition of Health Dichotomy of nurse / patient role. The reparative butt on of disease 4. 1 Environment Florence Nightingale placed great ferocity on the physical aspects of the care setting. These are namely clean bloodline, native water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and sunlight, 7 which are generally taken for granted in our modern hospitals.She believed these would eradicate the main source of illness, although, Miss Nightingale rejected the theory of bacterial infection on the grounds that she had no experiential evidence to support it. Florence Nightingale believed that building construction, in particular, hospital building, should pay particular attention to sanitation and ventilation. This together with the correct diet would buy the farm much current sickness. Her writings on this subject revolutionised hospital construction. 10. In her Notes on Nursing, she admonished nurses who noisily tripped over fire-irons, thus breaching safety standards. Virginia Henderson wrote of Florence Nightingales influence on her own work regarding the environment, when she said, Like Miss Nightingale, I have shared an interest in seeing the environment made safer for people. She put more emphasis on fresh air than I, of course, did. I had more opportunity to learn how to control infection than she did. 8. Miss Henderson save enlarged on Florence Nightingales theory to say that nurses should advocate the construction of buildings, purchase of equipment and maintenance in order to minimise chances of injury. 1Kathryn Barnard, speaking in 1966, said that in order for the nurse to atten d to the patient in promoting and maintaining his / her independence, a change in the patients environment may be necessary. 1 Martha E. Rogers (1970) and Betty Neuman (1995) echoed Florence Nightingales impression that the provision of an environment which was conducive to healing, such as cleanliness, fresh air and calm, were prerequisites for recovery from illness. Nursing theorists widened the concept to include peoples responses to their agile and broader environment. 9 Rogers holds that the description of person and environment energy fields are inseparable.Dorothea Orems Universal self-care requisites (1980) lists the maintenance of air, water, food, rest and solitude, as being compulsory by all sympathetic beings and adding to these social interaction, elimination, activity, social interaction, prevention of hazards and forward motion of human functioning. 4. 2 The Profession of Nursing and Health. The idea that there would be a professional body of exclusively female nu rses (Miss Nightingale believed women were inseparable nurturers) was revolutionary in the last century. The exception was in psychiatric nursing, where mens physical strength was valued. This view is largely discounted today, of course. She was also enthusiastic close the uniqueness of nursing, existing alongside but not interconnected into, other related disciplines, such as medicine. Adherence to signs, symptoms, surgery, medication and disease prevailed in this era of health care. 5 She was suspicious of new scientific thinking, which would turn nurses into medical women. 10 The training of young, more educated nurses in the new progressive schools like St. Thomas Hospital, included Florence Nightingales own concept of health hygiene, environment and care. Her belief was that health was a state of wellness, desired by the patient and gained by using all power available, to the fullest extent. 110 Miss Nightingale combined two health education with sick nursing in her teachi ngs, a practice which is very much in evidence today. Hildegard Peplau, followed Florence Nightingale, in 1952, and pioneered a knowledge- base nursing practice, which included education and research distinguishing it from medicine-based health care. 1, 11 In 1987, Rosemarie Rizzo take apart echoed the need for nursing to move away from the medical model in order to evolve. 4. 3 Concept of Nursing and Statistical Data Gathering In 1970, Martha Rogers took Miss Nightingales concept of nursing and redefined it as a constant human interaction with the environment. 5 She lauded Miss Nightingales ability to place the person within the framework of the congenital world, by her vision of health and by supporting this with statistical data. 1 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse was greatly influenced by Martha Rogers. She believed that, since Florence Nightingales time, nursing owed its existence to Man and Health. 1 4. 4 Nurse/ patient of Role and her Model of NursingFlorence Nightingale believed dis ease to go through a reparative process Her model of nursing reflected her belief that nature would recruit the patient by the actions of the nurses control on the environment, 12 the patients role was a passive one, with little or no say in the way in which he or she was treated by the health care team. Few would argue that nursing theories has taken a more holistic approach than was the case in Florence Nightingales time. A legacy of the Nightingale School is the army terminology used by Miss Nightingale from her time exhausted in army nursing.Phrases such as on duty, onward duty and sick leave are still in use today. 10 5. Conclusion Florence Nightingale saw nurses as women who were not only professionals in their own right, (a revolutionary concept for Victorian England, when most women were implemental to male domination) but were to be instrumental in bringing about changes in order to improve the environment in its broadest sense. By this token, she was also the first he alth educator. Miss Nightingale presented her own confirmable evidence i. e. based on her own experiences and observations, as established facts. She was a believer in research. Her gathering of statistical data was used to give credence to her hypotheses on her epidemiological studies. She laid the foundations for a recognised system of nurse training, not only in this country, but abroad. However, those nurse educators, who followed in Florence Nightingales footsteps in teaching young (and from an increasingly higher social class) women in the art of nursing, failed to differentiate between the goals and focus of nursing and of medicine. The medical model tended to neglect the patient as a human being. Furthermore, nursing creativity would be stifled (at least in the U. K. ) under a regimented, task-orientated regime until the early 1950s until the emergence of new nursing theorists, such as Peplau (1952), Henderson (1955) and Orem (1958). Some of Florence Nightingales practices and beliefs have been largely discontinued or discounted today, such as the pathology of dirt and dampness, her disregard to the semen theory, and the fact that the patient was non-participative of his/her method of care. This lack of holism was perhaps in keeping with her time. 1.Her vision of nurses as innovators for social health reform, continues to inspire us today. End of Assignment REFERENCES 1. Marrinner-Tomey, A. (1994). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 2 Dingwall, R. , Rafferty, A. M. , Webster, C. (1988). An Introduction to the fond History of Nursing. London Routledge 3 Baly, M. E. (Nov. 13. 1996). Different history for Nightingale illness, Letters.Nursing Standard, 8 (11) 10. Harrow, Middx. , R. C. N. Publishing Company. 4 Castledine, G. (1994). A definition of nursing based on nurturing, 3 (3) 134. British Journal of Nursing. 5 Meleis, A. I. (1985). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress. Pennsylvania J. B. Lippincott Co mpany. 6 Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. In A. Marrinner-Tomey (Ed). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 7 Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing.London Scutari Press. 8 Smith, J. P. (1989). Virginia Henderson The rootage 90 years. London Scutari Press. 9 Pearson, A. , Vaughan, B. , Fitzgerald, A. (1991). 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